EFEKTIVITAS NILAM UNTUK PENANGANAN DEPRESI: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIK
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Depresi merupakan gangguan emosional dan jiwa yang menyebabkan kesedihan yang mendalam serta dapat mempengaruhi pikiran dan perilaku seseorang. Obat antidepresan sering digunakan untuk meminimalkan efek depresi. Namun, efek samping obat antidepresan sering membuat orang menghindari pemakaian obat tersebut, sehingga banyak dari penderita depresi mencoba menggunakan bahan herbal sebagai terapi alternatif. Tanaman nilam merupakan salah satu alternatif yang digunakan dan diperkirakan memiliki efek farmakologis termasuk sebagai antidepresan. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas tanaman nilam sebagai antidepresan. Tinjauan sistematik ini mengambil tiga basis data sebagai bahan literasi, yaitu Google scholar, PubMed, dan Evidence-based Medicine yang diambil pada rentang periode antara tahun 2000 dan 2022. Hasil pencarian mendapatkan sebanyak 176 artikel dan hanya 5 artikel yang diambil dan dipilih karena sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi yang telah ditentukan. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa nilam mengandung senyawa kimia yang mempunyai efektitivitas sebagai antidepresan. Penggunaan nilam sebagai antidepresan biasanya dilakukan melalui proses inhalasi atau metode oral. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa nilam mempunyai efektivitas sebagai antidepresan, sehingga sering digunakan sebagai terapi alternatif dalam pengobatan depresi.
Kata Kunci : Antidepresi, Nilam, Patchouli Alcohol, Minyak Nilam, Aromaterapi
References
Cahyono E, Rimawati BC, Kusuma E. Antidepressant activity of patchouli alcohol microcapsule. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1321(2).
Das K. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) oils [Internet]. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 633–639 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00072-9
Dinkes A. Profil Kesehatan Aceh 2018. In: Profil Kesehatan Aeh. 2018. p. 196.
Goodman, Hilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. Lancet. 2018.
Hu G, Peng C, Xie X, Zhang S, Cao X. Availability, pharmaceutics, security, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of patchouli alcohol. 2017;2017.
Kumar A, & Gandhi, A . An Aroma Therapy In Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) : An Assesment. 2016;(March).
Köhler-Forsberg O, Larsen ER, Buttenschon HN, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Souery D, et al. Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):494–501.
Manglani, N., Deshmukh VS. Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Pogostemon Cablin (Labiatae). [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20113078815
Nuryani Y. Karakteristik Empat Aksesi Nilam. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2016;12(2):45.
Petruzzello M. List of plants in the family Lamiaceae. 2019;
Pujiarti R, Ohtani Y, Widoati TB. 7._Rini_(Effect_of_Melaleuca)..Vol3._No.2.pdf. 2012.
Reynolds CF, Patel V. Screening for depression: the global mental health context. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):316–7.
Silalahi M. Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin. Vol. 4, Jurnal EduMatSains. 2019.
Trivedi, M.H. Depression. Canada: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–86.
Santoso MB, Siti Asiah DH, Kirana CI. Bunuh Diri Dan Depresi Dalam Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial. Pros Penelit dan Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;4(3):390.
Schrecker T. Global health. Handb Glob Dev. 2017;317(15):529–45.
Wang M, Huang W, Gao T, Zhao X, Lv Z. Effects of Xiao Yao San on interferon-α-induced depression in mice. Brain Res Bull [Internet]. 2018;139(June 2017):197–202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.001
WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. Depression: A global crisis. Companies, International Trade and Human Rights. 2012. 1–40 p.
Cahyono E, Rimawati BC, Kusuma E. Antidepressant activity of patchouli alcohol microcapsule. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1321(2).
Das K. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) oils [Internet]. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 633–639 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00072-9
Dinkes A. Profil Kesehatan Aceh 2018. In: Profil Kesehatan Aeh. 2018. p. 196.
Goodman, Hilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. Lancet. 2018.
Hu G, Peng C, Xie X, Zhang S, Cao X. Availability, pharmaceutics, security, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of patchouli alcohol. 2017;2017.
Kumar A, & Gandhi, A . An Aroma Therapy In Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) : An Assesment. 2016;(March).
Köhler-Forsberg O, Larsen ER, Buttenschon HN, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Souery D, et al. Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):494–501.
Manglani, N., Deshmukh VS. Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Pogostemon Cablin (Labiatae). [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20113078815
Nuryani Y. Karakteristik Empat Aksesi Nilam. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2016;12(2):45.
Petruzzello M. List of plants in the family Lamiaceae. 2019;
Pujiarti R, Ohtani Y, Widoati TB. 7._Rini_(Effect_of_Melaleuca)..Vol3._No.2.pdf. 2012.
Reynolds CF, Patel V. Screening for depression: the global mental health context. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):316–7.
Silalahi M. Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin. Vol. 4, Jurnal EduMatSains. 2019.
Trivedi, M.H. Depression. Canada: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–86.
Santoso MB, Siti Asiah DH, Kirana CI. Bunuh Diri Dan Depresi Dalam Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial. Pros Penelit dan Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;4(3):390.
Schrecker T. Global health. Handb Glob Dev. 2017;317(15):529–45.
Wang M, Huang W, Gao T, Zhao X, Lv Z. Effects of Xiao Yao San on interferon-α-induced depression in mice. Brain Res Bull [Internet]. 2018;139(June 2017):197–202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.001
WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. Depression: A global crisis. Companies, International Trade and Human Rights. 2012. 1–40 p.
Cahyono E, Rimawati BC, Kusuma E. Antidepressant activity of patchouli alcohol microcapsule. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1321(2).
Das K. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) oils [Internet]. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 633–639 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00072-9
Dinkes A. Profil Kesehatan Aceh 2018. In: Profil Kesehatan Aeh. 2018. p. 196.
Goodman, Hilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. Lancet. 2018.
Hu G, Peng C, Xie X, Zhang S, Cao X. Availability, pharmaceutics, security, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of patchouli alcohol. 2017;2017.
Kumar A, & Gandhi, A . An Aroma Therapy In Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) : An Assesment. 2016;(March).
Köhler-Forsberg O, Larsen ER, Buttenschon HN, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Souery D, et al. Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):494–501.
Manglani, N., Deshmukh VS. Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Pogostemon Cablin (Labiatae). [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20113078815
Nuryani Y. Karakteristik Empat Aksesi Nilam. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2016;12(2):45.
Petruzzello M. List of plants in the family Lamiaceae. 2019;
Pujiarti R, Ohtani Y, Widoati TB. 7._Rini_(Effect_of_Melaleuca)..Vol3._No.2.pdf. 2012.
Reynolds CF, Patel V. Screening for depression: the global mental health context. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):316–7.
Silalahi M. Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin. Vol. 4, Jurnal EduMatSains. 2019.
Trivedi, M.H. Depression. Canada: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–86.
Santoso MB, Siti Asiah DH, Kirana CI. Bunuh Diri Dan Depresi Dalam Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial. Pros Penelit dan Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;4(3):390.
Schrecker T. Global health. Handb Glob Dev. 2017;317(15):529–45.
Wang M, Huang W, Gao T, Zhao X, Lv Z. Effects of Xiao Yao San on interferon-α-induced depression in mice. Brain Res Bull [Internet]. 2018;139(June 2017):197–202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.001
WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. Depression: A global crisis. Companies, International Trade and Human Rights. 2012. 1–40 p.
Cahyono E, Rimawati BC, Kusuma E. Antidepressant activity of patchouli alcohol microcapsule. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1321(2).
Das K. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) oils [Internet]. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 633–639 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00072-9
Dinkes A. Profil Kesehatan Aceh 2018. In: Profil Kesehatan Aeh. 2018. p. 196.
Goodman, Hilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. Lancet. 2018.
Hu G, Peng C, Xie X, Zhang S, Cao X. Availability, pharmaceutics, security, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of patchouli alcohol. 2017;2017.
Kumar A, & Gandhi, A . An Aroma Therapy In Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) : An Assesment. 2016;(March).
Köhler-Forsberg O, Larsen ER, Buttenschon HN, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Souery D, et al. Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):494–501.
Manglani, N., Deshmukh VS. Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Pogostemon Cablin (Labiatae). [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20113078815
Nuryani Y. Karakteristik Empat Aksesi Nilam. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2016;12(2):45.
Petruzzello M. List of plants in the family Lamiaceae. 2019;
Pujiarti R, Ohtani Y, Widoati TB. 7._Rini_(Effect_of_Melaleuca)..Vol3._No.2.pdf. 2012.
Reynolds CF, Patel V. Screening for depression: the global mental health context. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):316–7.
Silalahi M. Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin. Vol. 4, Jurnal EduMatSains. 2019.
Trivedi, M.H. Depression. Canada: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–86.
Santoso MB, Siti Asiah DH, Kirana CI. Bunuh Diri Dan Depresi Dalam Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial. Pros Penelit dan Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;4(3):390.
Schrecker T. Global health. Handb Glob Dev. 2017;317(15):529–45.
Wang M, Huang W, Gao T, Zhao X, Lv Z. Effects of Xiao Yao San on interferon-α-induced depression in mice. Brain Res Bull [Internet]. 2018;139(June 2017):197–202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.001
WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. Depression: A global crisis. Companies, International Trade and Human Rights. 2012. 1–40 p.
Cahyono E, Rimawati BC, Kusuma E. Antidepressant activity of patchouli alcohol microcapsule. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1321(2).
Das K. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) oils [Internet]. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 633–639 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00072-9
Dinkes A. Profil Kesehatan Aceh 2018. In: Profil Kesehatan Aeh. 2018. p. 196.
Goodman, Hilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. Lancet. 2018.
Hu G, Peng C, Xie X, Zhang S, Cao X. Availability, pharmaceutics, security, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of patchouli alcohol. 2017;2017.
Kumar A, & Gandhi, A . An Aroma Therapy In Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) : An Assesment. 2016;(March).
Köhler-Forsberg O, Larsen ER, Buttenschon HN, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Souery D, et al. Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):494–501.
Manglani, N., Deshmukh VS. Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Pogostemon Cablin (Labiatae). [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20113078815
Nuryani Y. Karakteristik Empat Aksesi Nilam. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2016;12(2):45.
Petruzzello M. List of plants in the family Lamiaceae. 2019;
Pujiarti R, Ohtani Y, Widoati TB. 7._Rini_(Effect_of_Melaleuca)..Vol3._No.2.pdf. 2012.
Reynolds CF, Patel V. Screening for depression: the global mental health context. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):316–7.
Silalahi M. Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin. Vol. 4, Jurnal EduMatSains. 2019.
Trivedi, M.H. Depression. Canada: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–86.
Santoso MB, Siti Asiah DH, Kirana CI. Bunuh Diri Dan Depresi Dalam Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial. Pros Penelit dan Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;4(3):390.
Schrecker T. Global health. Handb Glob Dev. 2017;317(15):529–45.
Wang M, Huang W, Gao T, Zhao X, Lv Z. Effects of Xiao Yao San on interferon-α-induced depression in mice. Brain Res Bull [Internet]. 2018;139(June 2017):197–202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.001
WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. Depression: A global crisis. Companies, International Trade and Human Rights. 2012. 1–40 p.
Cahyono E, Rimawati BC, Kusuma E. Antidepressant activity of patchouli alcohol microcapsule. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1321(2).
Das K. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) oils [Internet]. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 633–639 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00072-9
Dinkes A. Profil Kesehatan Aceh 2018. In: Profil Kesehatan Aeh. 2018. p. 196.
Goodman, Hilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. Lancet. 2018.
Hu G, Peng C, Xie X, Zhang S, Cao X. Availability, pharmaceutics, security, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of patchouli alcohol. 2017;2017.
Kumar A, & Gandhi, A . An Aroma Therapy In Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) : An Assesment. 2016;(March).
Köhler-Forsberg O, Larsen ER, Buttenschon HN, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Souery D, et al. Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):494–501.
Manglani, N., Deshmukh VS. Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Pogostemon Cablin (Labiatae). [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20113078815
Nuryani Y. Karakteristik Empat Aksesi Nilam. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2016;12(2):45.
Petruzzello M. List of plants in the family Lamiaceae. 2019;
Pujiarti R, Ohtani Y, Widoati TB. 7._Rini_(Effect_of_Melaleuca)..Vol3._No.2.pdf. 2012.
Reynolds CF, Patel V. Screening for depression: the global mental health context. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):316–7.
Silalahi M. Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin. Vol. 4, Jurnal EduMatSains. 2019.
Trivedi, M.H. Depression. Canada: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–86.
Santoso MB, Siti Asiah DH, Kirana CI. Bunuh Diri Dan Depresi Dalam Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial. Pros Penelit dan Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;4(3):390.
Schrecker T. Global health. Handb Glob Dev. 2017;317(15):529–45.
Wang M, Huang W, Gao T, Zhao X, Lv Z. Effects of Xiao Yao San on interferon-α-induced depression in mice. Brain Res Bull [Internet]. 2018;139(June 2017):197–202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.001
WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. Depression: A global crisis. Companies, International Trade and Human Rights. 2012. 1–40 p.
Cahyono E, Rimawati BC, Kusuma E. Antidepressant activity of patchouli alcohol microcapsule. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1321(2).
Das K. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) oils [Internet]. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 633–639 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00072-9
Dinkes A. Profil Kesehatan Aceh 2018. In: Profil Kesehatan Aeh. 2018. p. 196.
Goodman, Hilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. Lancet. 2018.
Hu G, Peng C, Xie X, Zhang S, Cao X. Availability, pharmaceutics, security, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of patchouli alcohol. 2017;2017.
Kumar A, & Gandhi, A . An Aroma Therapy In Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) : An Assesment. 2016;(March).
Köhler-Forsberg O, Larsen ER, Buttenschon HN, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Souery D, et al. Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):494–501.
Manglani, N., Deshmukh VS. Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Pogostemon Cablin (Labiatae). [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20113078815
Nuryani Y. Karakteristik Empat Aksesi Nilam. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2016;12(2):45.
Petruzzello M. List of plants in the family Lamiaceae. 2019;
Pujiarti R, Ohtani Y, Widoati TB. 7._Rini_(Effect_of_Melaleuca)..Vol3._No.2.pdf. 2012.
Reynolds CF, Patel V. Screening for depression: the global mental health context. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):316–7.
Silalahi M. Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin. Vol. 4, Jurnal EduMatSains. 2019.
Trivedi, M.H. Depression. Canada: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–86.
Santoso MB, Siti Asiah DH, Kirana CI. Bunuh Diri Dan Depresi Dalam Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial. Pros Penelit dan Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;4(3):390.
Schrecker T. Global health. Handb Glob Dev. 2017;317(15):529–45.
Wang M, Huang W, Gao T, Zhao X, Lv Z. Effects of Xiao Yao San on interferon-α-induced depression in mice. Brain Res Bull [Internet]. 2018;139(June 2017):197–202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.001
WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. Depression: A global crisis. Companies, International Trade and Human Rights. 2012. 1–40 p.
Cahyono E, Rimawati BC, Kusuma E. Antidepressant activity of patchouli alcohol microcapsule. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1321(2).
Das K. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) oils [Internet]. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 633–639 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00072-9
Dinkes A. Profil Kesehatan Aceh 2018. In: Profil Kesehatan Aeh. 2018. p. 196.
Goodman, Hilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. Lancet. 2018.
Hu G, Peng C, Xie X, Zhang S, Cao X. Availability, pharmaceutics, security, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of patchouli alcohol. 2017;2017.
Kumar A, & Gandhi, A . An Aroma Therapy In Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) : An Assesment. 2016;(March).
Köhler-Forsberg O, Larsen ER, Buttenschon HN, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Souery D, et al. Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):494–501.
Manglani, N., Deshmukh VS. Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Pogostemon Cablin (Labiatae). [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20113078815
Nuryani Y. Karakteristik Empat Aksesi Nilam. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2016;12(2):45.
Petruzzello M. List of plants in the family Lamiaceae. 2019;
Pujiarti R, Ohtani Y, Widoati TB. 7._Rini_(Effect_of_Melaleuca)..Vol3._No.2.pdf. 2012.
Reynolds CF, Patel V. Screening for depression: the global mental health context. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):316–7.
Silalahi M. Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin. Vol. 4, Jurnal EduMatSains. 2019.
Trivedi, M.H. Depression. Canada: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–86.
Santoso MB, Siti Asiah DH, Kirana CI. Bunuh Diri Dan Depresi Dalam Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial. Pros Penelit dan Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;4(3):390.
Schrecker T. Global health. Handb Glob Dev. 2017;317(15):529–45.
Wang M, Huang W, Gao T, Zhao X, Lv Z. Effects of Xiao Yao San on interferon-α-induced depression in mice. Brain Res Bull [Internet]. 2018;139(June 2017):197–202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.001
WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. Depression: A global crisis. Companies, International Trade and Human Rights. 2012. 1–40 p.
